Which two models of addiction associate confusion about gender role or sexual orientation as a contributing factor to addiction?

The psychodynamic model and personality theory model both emphasize the influence of internal psychological processes and unresolved conflicts in an individual's development. In the context of addiction, these models suggest that issues related to gender role confusion or uncertainty about sexual orientation can lead to feelings of inadequacy, low self-esteem, or anxiety. Such emotional turmoil may contribute to substance use as a maladaptive coping mechanism to escape or numb these feelings.

The psychodynamic model, in particular, explores how early experiences and relationships shape personality and behavior, suggesting that confusion regarding gender roles can create inner conflict that manifests as addiction. The personality theory model complements this by examining traits and characteristics that may predispose individuals to dependence, where the struggle with identity could reinforce addictive behaviors as a way of managing the distress associated with these issues.

In contrast, other models like the cognitive-behavioral and learning models focus more on observable behaviors and the environment rather than deeply ingrained psychological conflicts. The neuroscience model relates addiction to biological processes without emphasis on gender or sexual orientation, while the behavioral model largely looks at learned behaviors rather than personal identity crises. Hence, the focus on psychological and emotional aspects associated with gender roles and sexual orientation aligns best with the psychodynamic and personality theory models.